- John Maynard Keynes British economist who founded modern macroeconomics with the General Theory
- Michał Kalecki Polish economist who independently developed a theory of effective demand and profit determination
- Wilhelm Lautenbach German economist and civil servant, formulated the entrepreneurial profit equation independently of Keynes and Kalecki during the Great Depression
- Wolfgang Stützel German economist, founder of balance mechanics as a formal method of macroeconomics